This chapter describes the results of an international review of the Finnish National Homelessness Strategy, covering the Paavo I and Paavo II programs, which took place between 2008–2011 and 2012–2015. The strategy focused heavily on long-term homelessness, with targets to halve levels by 2011 and to eliminate long-term homelessness by 2015. Since first identifying homelessness as a social problem in the 1980s, Finland had already succeeded in reducing total homelessness to very low levels by 2008; however, long-term homelessness, often experienced by people with high rates of severe mental illness, comorbidity of drug and alcohol use and poor physical health, formed a high proportion of the residual homeless population. Paavo I and Paavo II were therefore specifically targeted at long-term homelessness and included a sometimes controversial use of the Housing First approach. Alongside the focus on bringing down long-term homelessness, the Paavo II program accelerated the national movement towards an integrated homelessness strategy, including increased preventative services and a greater emphasis on tackling concealed homelessness. The chapter describes the strategy, the context in which it arose, the successes that have been achieved and the challenges that still face Finland.
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The Canadian Observatory on Homelessness is the largest national research institute devoted to homelessness in Canada. The COH is the curator of the Homeless Hub.
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The Canadian Observatory on Homelessness is the largest national research institute devoted to homelessness in Canada. The COH is the curator of the Homeless Hub.
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- Introduction
- 1. Program and Service-level Collaboration
- 1.1 Coordinated Access and Assessment: Calgary, Alberta
- 1.2 Where’s the CASH (Centralized Access to Supported Housing)?: Evaluation of a Single Point of Access to Supported Housing
- 1.3 Cross-sector Case Management: Experience of EMRII, a Mixed Team Working with Homeless People
- 1.4 A Response to Homelessness in Pinellas County, Florida: An Examination of Pinellas Safe Harbor and the Challenges of Faith-based Service Providers in a Systems Approach
- 1.5 Vignette: The Bell Hotel Supportive Housing Project: Early Outcomes & Learnings
- 1.6 Vignette: 1011 Lansdowne: Turning Around a Building, Turning Around Lives
- 2. Systems Planning for Targeted Groups
- 2.1 Women First: An Analysis of a Trauma-informed, Women-centred, Harm Reduction Housing Model for Women with Complex Substance Use and Mental Health Issues
- 2.2 Service Coordination for Homeless Pregnant Women in Toronto
- 2.3 Communities of Practice as Locations for Facilitating Service Systems Improvement for Northern Homeless Women
- 2.4 Vignette: Northern Housing Networks: Collaborative Efforts to Develop Innovative Housing Programs for High-needs Indigenous Women in Northern, Remote Communities
- 2.5 Creating a Community Strategy to End Youth Homelessness in Edmonton
- 2.6 Coordination at the Service Delivery Level: The Development of a Continuum of Services for Street-involved Youth
- 2.7 Vignette: A Transdisciplinary Community Mental Health Program Providing Clinical Care to Street-involved Youth in Hamilton
- 2.8 Vignette: Youth Reconnect: Systems Prevention in a Crisis Model
- 3. Inter-sectoral collaborations
- 3.1 Preventing Youth Homelessness: The Need for a Coordinated Cross-sectoral Approach
- 3.2 A 10-Year Case Study Examining Successful Approaches and Challenges Addressing the Determinants of Homelessness: The Experiences of One Canadian City
- 3.3 Homeless In, Homeless Out and Homeless Zero: Using System Dynamics to Help End Homelessness
- 3.4 Building Research Capacity to Improve Services for the Homeless: An Integrated Community-academic Partnership Model
- 3.5 Collaborative Approaches to Addressing Homelessness in Canada: Value and Challenge in the Community Advisory Board Model
- 3.6 “What is Needed is the Mortar That Holds These Blocks Together”: Coordinating Local Services Through Community-based Managerialism
- 3.7 I’ll Tell You What I Want, What I Really, Really Want: Integrated Public Health Care for Homeless Individuals in Canada
- 3.8 Vignette: Addressing Homelessness Among Canadian Veterans
- 3.9 An Evaluation of the London Community Addiction Response Strategy (London CAReS): Facilitating Service Integration Through Collaborative Best Practices
- 4. High-level governance challenges and opportunities
- 4.1 Systems Planning and Governance: A Conceptual Framework
- 4.2 The Strategic Response to Homelessness in Finland: Exploring Innovation and Coordination within a National Plan to Reduce and Prevent Homelessness
- 4.3 A Critical Review of Canadian First Nations and Aboriginal Housing Policy, 1867 - Present
- 4.4 Interagency Councils on Homelessness: Case Studies from the United States and Alberta
- 4.5 System Planning: A Case Study of the Calgary Homeless Foundation’s System Planning Framework
- 4.6 The “First City to End Homelessness”: A Case Study of Medicine Hat’s Approach to System Planning in a Housing First Context
- Conclusion
- Exploring Effective Systems Responses to Homelessness
- 4. High-level governance challenges and opportunities
- 4.2 The Strategic Response to Homelessness in Finland: Exploring Innovation and Coordination within a National Plan to Reduce and Prevent Homelessness