This paper explores the relationship between Aboriginal individuals, Aboriginal Peoples and city life, as well as the policy implications of that relationship. We set this discussion in the context of the new focus on cities as central to Canada’s economic and social well-being. In our view, there are four key characteristics of the current policy milieu. First, is the jurisdictional maze that both contributes to and is an outcome of how we have defined the urban Aboriginal problematique. This maze is constructed both through our federal system and through the confounding and conflicting distinctions that past policy and jurisprudence have applied to Aboriginal Peoples and Aboriginal people.